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Mre Buffalo Chicken Mre Beef Ravioli

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Packaged field ration from the Usa DoD

The contents of MRE Menu ii, Shredded Beefiness

A Repast, Ready-to-Eat (MRE) is a self-contained, individual field ration in lightweight packaging purchased by the United States Department of Defence force for its service members for utilise in combat or field weather condition where other food is not available. While MREs should exist kept cool, they do non need to exist refrigerated. The MRE replaced the canned MCI, or Meal, Gainsay, Individual rations, in 1981,[ane] and is the intended successor to the lighter LRP ration[ disputed – discuss ] developed by the US Army for Special Forces and Ranger patrol units in Vietnam. MREs accept also been distributed to civilians during natural disasters.[two]

Since the 2010s, the term "MRE" is sometimes used informally in English language, (especially on the Internet) equally a more general term for a field ration. The usage of the term was popular among YouTube users, virtually notably Steven Andrew Thomas, an American YouTube personality specializing in field rations from different countries.[3]

History [edit]

External video
video icon "Comparing C-Rations to MREs Sgt. Neil Gussman"

Old days [edit]

The outset U.Due south. soldier ration established by a Congressional Resolution, during the Revolutionary War, consisted of enough food to feed a man for one day, more often than not beef, peas, and rice.[4] During the Civil War, the U.S. military moved toward canned appurtenances. Afterward, self-contained kits were issued every bit a whole ration and contained canned meat, bread, coffee, sugar and salt. During the Get-go World War, canned meats were replaced with lightweight preserved meats (salted or stale) to save weight and allow more rations to be carried past soldiers carrying their supplies on foot. At the start of World War II, a number of new field rations were introduced, including the Mountain ration and the Jungle ration. However, toll-cutting measures by Quartermaster Control officials during the latter function of World War 2 and the Korean War again saw the predominance of heavy canned C rations issued to troops, regardless of operating environment or mission.[5] During WWII, over 100 one thousand thousand cans of Spam were sent to the Pacific.[half-dozen] The use of canned wet rations continued through the Vietnam War, with the improved MCI field ration.

Introduction [edit]

Afterwards repeated experiences with providing prepared rations to soldiers dating from before World War II, Pentagon officials ultimately realized that simply providing a nutritionally counterbalanced meal in the field was not adequate. Service members in various geographic regions and combat situations often required dissimilar subsets of ingredients for food to be considered palatable over long periods. Moreover, catering to individual tastes and preferences would encourage service members to actually consume the whole ration and its diet. Most importantly, the use of specialized forces in extreme environments and the necessity of conveying increasingly heavy field loads while on human foot during extended missions required significantly lighter alternatives to standard canned wet rations.

In 1963, the Department of Defense began developing the "Meal, Set up to Consume," a ration that would rely on modern food preparation and packaging applied science to create a lighter replacement for the canned Meal, Combat, Private ration. In 1966, this led to the Long Range Patrol, or LRP ration, a dehydrated meal stored in a waterproof sheet pouch. All the same, simply as with the Jungle ration, its expense compared to canned wet rations, as well as the costs of stocking and storing a specialized field ration, led to its limited usage and repeated attempts at discontinuance past Quartermaster Command officials.[5]

Early MRE prototypes that involved freeze-dried and dehydrated foods were developed under Dr. Abdul Rahman, who later received the Meritorious Civilian Service Award for his work.[7] Withal, farther work was needed to develop a ration that did not require re-hydration (thus not requiring additional training time and water). Farther try, led by Dr. Rauno A. Lampi, Master of Food Systems Equipment Division at the Natick Soldier Enquiry, Development and Technology Eye, full-bodied on the refinement of the retort pouch to incorporate a moisture ration with a three-to-x year shelf life that could be easily shipped, carried in the field, opened and consumed straight out of the package if necessary with no farther heat or water. The resulting MRE went into special effect starting in 1981 and standard issue in 1986, using a express menu of twelve entrées.[viii]

Ongoing development [edit]

The MRE has been in continuous evolution since its introduction. In 1990, a Flameless Ration Heater (FRH), a water-activated exothermic reaction product that emits heat, allowed a service member in the field to relish a hot meal. In an array of field tests and surveys, service members requested more entrée options and larger serving sizes. Past 1994, commercial-like graphics (images) were added to make the packets more user-friendly and appealing, while biodegradable materials were introduced for inedible components, such as spoons and napkins. The number of chief dishes expanded to sixteen by 1996 (including vegetarian options), 20 by 1997 and 24 past 1998. Today, the organisation includes 24 entrées, and more than than 150 additional items.[ix] The variety immune service members to merchandise them in order to discover something palatable across various cultures and geographical regions.

The ration originally came in a night brown outer bag from 1981 to 1995 because information technology was designed for service in the temperate forests and plains of cardinal Europe. It was replaced in 1996 with a tan outer bag that was better suited for service in the deserts of the Center E. By 2000, a bean burrito primary dish was introduced.[10] In 2006, "Drink Bags" were introduced to the MRE, every bit service members have begun to depend more on hydration packs than on canteens, thus denying them the apply of the metallic canteen cups (shaped to fit in a canteen pouch with the canteen) for mixing powdered beverages. In add-on to having measuring marks to signal levels of liquid for precise measurement, they can be sealed and placed inside the flameless heater.

Near recently, MREs have been developed using the Dietary Reference Intake, created past the Constitute of Medicine (IOM). The IOM indicated servicemembers (who were classified equally highly active men betwixt the ages of 18 and 30) typically burn about 4,200 Calories (kcal) a day, merely tended to only consume near 2,400 Calories a day during combat, entering a negative energy balance. This imbalance occurs when servicemembers fail to consume full portions of their rations.[11] Although manipulations to the food items and distribution of macronutrients to aid heave the amount of kilocalories per MRE have been fabricated, more than studies are showing many servicemembers still do not meet today'due south standards of daily consumption, often trading and discarding portions of the ration.[12] Researchers continue to study the habits and eating preferences of servicemembers, making constant changes that encourage servicemembers to swallow the unabridged meal and thus become full nutritional value.[12]

In addition, the war machine has experimented with new set on ration prototypes, such as the Starting time Strike Ration and the HOOAH! Bar, designed with elite or specialized forces in listen. Lighter than the typical MRE, they require no preparation and allow servicemembers to swallow them while traveling.[13] In July 2009, 6,300 dairy milk shake packets of varying flavors were recalled due to show of Salmonella contamination.[14]

Requirements [edit]

U.S. Army soldiers load MREs onto a CH-47 Chinook helicopter in September 2005.

Each meal provides about 1,200 calories (5,000 kJ).[fifteen] They are intended to exist eaten for a maximum of 21 days (the supposition is that logistics units can provide fresh food rations past then), and have a minimum shelf life of iii years (depending on storage conditions).[16]

Packaging requirements are strict. MREs must be able to withstand parachute drops from 380 metres (1,250 ft), and not-parachute drops of xxx metres (98 ft). The packaging is required to maintain a minimum shelf life of three and a one-half years at 27 °C (81 °F), nine months at 38 °C (100 °F), and short durations from −51 °C (−60 °F) to 49 °C (120 °F) must be sustainable. New forms of packaging are being considered to ameliorate come across these requirements including the use of zein to replace the foil, which can exist hands punctured, conducts heat, and is cogitating (which may give abroad a servicemember'south position).[17]

Each MRE weighs 510 to 740 grams (18 to 26 oz), depending on the menu.[12] Since MREs comprise water, they weigh more than freeze-dried meals providing equivalent calories.

Resale condition [edit]

As a result of earlier unauthorized sales to civilians, the Section of Defence requires that "U.S. Government Property, Commercial Resale is Unlawful" be printed on each instance of MREs.[xviii] Despite the warning, there are no laws that forbid the resale of MREs, except by armed services personnel.[19] Although the government has attempted to discourage sellers from selling MREs,[20] sale sites such as eBay have continued to permit auctions of the MREs because the Department of Defense has been unable to show them any regulations or laws specifically outlawing the practice. Co-ordinate to a spokesman for eBay, "until a law is passed saying you tin can't sell these things, we're not going to finish them from existence sold on the site."[21] While MREs are not prima facie contraband, the procurement and sale of MREs by military personnel for personal profit is illegal under the Uniform Lawmaking of Armed services Justice Article 108.[22]

An investigation done in 2006 for the Usa Government Accountability Office determined multiple instances where sellers on eBay may have improperly obtained MREs and sold them to the public for private proceeds.[18] As military machine MREs are procured at taxation payers' expense, they are intended to exist consumed past individuals from authorized organizations and activities. Consequently, "if armed forces MREs are sold to the full general public on eBay, then they are clearly non reaching their intended recipients and stand for a waste of taxpayer dollars and possible criminal activeness."[18] Further, MREs establish on eBay are typically older and closer to their expiration date, having been sourced in "neighborhood k sales" and "Marine base dumpsters."[18]

The growth of MREs listed on eBay in 2005 resulted in a government investigation of whether they were intended for Hurricane Katrina victims, and the news media nickname "Meals Set for eBay."[23] Some cases were beingness sold from Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida and other Gulf states afflicted by Katrina. The internal price of a 12 pack example of MREs is $86.98 (approx. $vii.25 a repast) to the authorities, much higher than what's paid to vendors.[23] MREs can be purchased by civilians directly from the contractors who supply MREs to the Us Authorities. These MREs are very like to genuine Us Government MREs, differing only in minor details (i.e., design of case and bag or type of spoon).[24]

In the Philippines, the government stopped MREs from being sold in local markets.[25]

Contents [edit]

An MRE contains a main course, side dish, breadstuff, dessert, and flameless ration heater

Full general contents may include:[26]

  • Principal course (often referred to every bit "the main")
  • Side dish
  • Dessert or snack (oftentimes commercial candy, fortified pastry, start strike bar, or Soldier Fuel Bar.)
  • Crackers or bread
  • Spread of cheese, peanut butter, or jelly
  • Powdered potable mix: fruit flavored drink, cocoa, instant coffee or tea, sport drink, or dairy milkshake.
  • Utensils (in rare occasions, a full prepare is included – with a spoon, fork and knife – but near commonly only a plastic spoon is given)
  • Flameless ration heater (FRH)
  • Beverage mixing purse
  • Accessory pack:
    • Xylitol chewing gum
    • Water-resistant matchbook
    • Napkin / toilet newspaper
    • Moist towelette
    • Seasonings, including salt, pepper, saccharide, creamer, and/or Tabasco sauce
    • Freeze dried java powder

Many items are fortified with nutrients. In add-on, DoD policy requires units to augment MREs with fresh food and A-rations whenever feasible, especially in grooming environments.

[edit]

In an effort to make MREs more palatable to service members and friction match ever-changing trends in popular tastes, the military is constantly seeking feedback to adjust MRE menus and ingredients. In the following list, but main entrees are listed.[27] Vegetarian menus are marked on their outset appearance. [veg 1]

  1. ^ a b c d e f k h i j grand l chiliad north Vegetarian menu, merely beginning appearance marked

Date codes [edit]

The cases of MREs and their variants usually are marked with the production appointment in the American fashion: two-digit Month / 2-digit Day / 4-digit Year (e.g., November 24, 1996 would be rendered as 11/24/1996). This is followed past the Lot Number, a 4-digit Julian engagement code that is also repeated on the individual components in the MREs. The first digit is the last digit of the Twelvemonth (due east.one thousand., 0 could be equal to 2010 or 2020, 1 could be equal to 2001 or 2011, and ix could exist equal to 2009 or 2019). The next iii digits are equal to the day of the year (i.e., 001 to 366). "1068" could be equal to the 68th day of 2001 or 2011, for example March 9, 2001.[28]

The cases are also stamped with the Inspection / Test Date, which is in the same format equally the Packing Date (e.chiliad., October 1994 would be rendered as "10/94"). Rations optimally must exist kept in a cool, dry identify during storage. If the rations are stored at 80° for 3 consecutive years, they would reach the finish of their shelf life. They are ofttimes inspected past the U.S. Army veterinary food personnel and their shelf life may extend beyond the inspection test date.[29] Rations are discarded later v years.[ commendation needed ]

Civilian employ [edit]

MREs have also been distributed to civilians during natural disasters.[ii] The National Baby-sit has provided MREs to the public during national disasters, such as Hurricanes Katrina, Ike, and Sandy; and the 2011 Super Outbreak. The large number of civilians exposed to MREs prompted several jokes during the recent New Orleans Mardi Gras, with revellers donning habiliment made of MRE packets with phrases such as "MRE Antoinette" (referring to Marie Antoinette; the wife of King Louis XVI) and "Homo Ready to Swallow."[ citation needed ]

The use of rations for noncombat environments has been questioned.[12] [ by whom? ] While the nutritional requirements are suitable for a combat environment where servicemembers will burn many calories and lose much sodium through sweat, it has been provided every bit emergency nutrient or even as a standard meal. The loftier-fat (averaging most 52 grams of fat, 5 grams trans fats) and high-common salt content are less than ideal for sedentary situations.[ citation needed ] The HDR and TOTM business relationship for this nutritional demand.[ commendation needed ]

Criticisms [edit]

Some of the early on MRE principal courses were not very palatable, earning them the nicknames "Meals Rejected past Everyone,"[30] "Meals Rejected by Ethiopia" (during the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia), or "Meals Rarely Edible."[31] Some individual portions had their own nicknames. For instance, the frankfurters, which came sealed in pouches of 4, were referred to as "the four fingers of expiry."[thirty] Although quality has improved over the years, many of the nicknames have stuck. MREs were sometimes called "Three Lies for the Cost of Ane ... it'due south not a Meal, it's not Set up, and yous can't Swallow it."[32] Every bit belatedly as the 2010 deployment to Afghanistan, one veteran in November 2019 characterized MRE (the traditional Thanksgiving meal had been destroyed in an attack, and the standard MRE shipment partially destroyed), as "accursed things."[33]

New Orleans Mardi Gras revelers in 2006 dressed in coats made from MRE packaging

Their depression dietary fiber content could cause constipation in some, so they were as well known as "Meals Requiring Enemas," "Meals Refusing to Go out,"[34] [35] "Meals Refusing to Excrete," or "Massive Rectal Expulsions." While the laxative effect of xylitol sweetener (if excessively consumed) may contribute to a myth that the glue found in MREs contains a laxative, the crackers in the ration pack do contain a higher than normal vegetable content to facilitate digestion. In December 2006, comedian Al Franken (on his 8th United Service Organizations bout at the time) joked to troops in Iraq that he had his 5th MRE so far and "none of them had an exit strategy."[36]

A superstition exists amongst troops near the Charms candies that come with some menus: they are considered bad luck, especially if actually eaten.[37] Some aspect this to a instance of a dislike becoming a superstition (i.e., not eating them 'just in case' or because it might make one's comrades uneasy).[ commendation needed ]

In March 2007, The Table salt Lake Tribune invited three gourmet chefs to taste-exam 18 MRE meals. None of the meals rated higher than a 5.7 average on a calibration of 1-to-10, and the craven fajita repast, in particular, was singled out for disdain, rating an boilerplate score of 1.3.[38] [39] Early on in the war in Afghanistan, among the international troops who mingle at Bagram Air Base of operations, a single French 24 60 minutes (three meal) combat ration (cassoulet, peradventure, with deer pâté and nougat) could be traded for at least five American Meals Ready to Eat.[40]

The vegetable cheese omelet MRE, Recipe No. 4, introduced in 2005, is mostly considered the worst ever. Soldiers serving in Iraq dubbed it the "Vomelet," both for its appearance and taste. It was discontinued in 2009.[41]

Variants and similar rations [edit]

Halal ration

Tailored Operational Preparation Meal

Aircrew Build to Lodge Meal Module

The MRE has led to the creation of several like field rations.

Aircrew Build to Order Meal Module (ABOMM) are a special variant consisting of repacking existing MRE nutrient elements into a course that provides military flight crews and tank operators with a meal designed to exist eaten on the go or while operating their shipping or ground vehicle without the use of utensils, and packaged for employ in confined spaces.[42]

MRE Kosher/Halal [edit]

For servicemembers with strict religious dietary requirements, the armed forces offers the specialized Meal, Religious, Kosher/Halal.[43] These are tailored to provide the same nutritional content, but volition non comprise offending ingredients.[44] The entrees come in distinct stylized packaging with a colour picture of the prepared entree on it (like civilian pre-made meals) and the food accessories come up in commercial packaging. Kosher entrees are marked "Glatt Kosher" in Hebrew and English, while halal entrees are marked "Dhabiha Halal" in Standard arabic and English. The meals come in cases of 12 that weigh 18 lbs (viii kg) and accept a volume of one.4 cubic feet (40 Fifty). To go on with dietary laws, the entree and accessory packets are packed in two dissever inner boxes in an outer instance and come up in kosher or halal only (the ii special ration types are never mixed in a shipping case).

The original meals were kosher merely and came in 4 Beefiness, 4 Chicken, 2 Salmon, and ii Gefilte Fish menus. The meals now come in Beef, Lamb, Chicken, Vegetarian, and Pasta dishes. The entrees are a mixture of traditional Eye-Eastern and Southwest-Asian dishes (like Lamb & Vegetable Jalfrezi or Curried Chicken with Basmati Rice, Lentils, and Vegetables) and Western dishes (like Vegetable Ratatouille, Florentine-style Vegetable Lasagna, or New Orleans Gumbo with Chicken). Each carte du jour contains an boilerplate of 1200 kilocalories and has a shelf life of 3 to 10 months.

There is also a special kosher meal certified for Passover requirements.[45] The "Passover Ration" (officially called the Meal, Religious, Kosher for Passover) contains packages of Matzoh crackers and has beef, craven (served on the bone), or salmon entrees. Each meal is in its own packet and come 12 packets to a case.

MRE religious certification [edit]

The Humanitarian Daily Ration (HDR) is a self-contained Halal meal designed to be given to refugees and other displaced people. It is designed to feed a single person for a full solar day, and the menus were intended to exist palatable to many religious and cultural tastes around the globe. To meet this goal, no animal products or by-products, no alcohol or alcohol-based products, and minimal dairy products are used in their production. Information technology is otherwise created and packaged much like MREs; feedback from the Transitional islamic state of afghanistan campaign led to the interior packing being reinforced to withstand being air-dropped, as the packets sometimes ruptured on impact. The outer pocketbook is tinted a high-visibility cherry-red or yellow and has an American flag and a movie of a person eating out of the bag with a spoon. There are usually instructions printed on it in English language and 1 or more local languages every bit well.

A Meal, Common cold Weather (MCW) and a Meal, Long Range Patrol (LRP).

In extreme cold temperatures, the packaged wet food in MREs tin freeze solid, rendering the nutrient inedible and the heating packet insufficient. The Meal, Cold Weather (MCW) provides a ration similar to the MRE designed for lower temperatures than the MRE can withstand. Clad in white packaging, it offers a freeze-dried entree designed to be eaten with heated water, the aforementioned side ingredients as the standard MRE, and additional drinkable mixes to encourage boosted hydration. The caloric and fat content of the meals is also increased.[46] The MCW replaced the Ration, Cold Weather (RCW).[47]

The Repast, Alternative Regionally Customized (MARC) is a self-contained, shelf-stable meal adult by U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM)/Natick, Individual Combat Ration Team (ICRT), Combat Feeding Directorate (CFD). MARCs were developed specifically for detainees at Guantanamo Bay, and have since found wider spread use, notably Iraq and Afghanistan. MARC meals are entirely vegetarian equally an easy way to prevent conflicts with culturally "prohibited products" (Islam and Judaism forbidding pork, Hindus fugitive beefiness, etc). Yet, they are neither Kosher nor Halal certified. Many of the menus available have a Southeast Asian or Indian style to them (Saag Chole, curried vegetables), simply others are simply the equivalent of vegetarian MREs (Cheese Tortellini, Minestrone).[48]

The Repast, Long Range Patrol (LRP) is substantially the same as the MCW, only with unlike accompaniment packs. The MLRP is designed for troops who may receive limited or no resupply, and weight of the ration is critical.[46] The like First Strike Ration is along the same lines, but requires no preparation and may be eaten on the go.

MRE special requirements [edit]

The Modular Operational Rations Enhancement (More) is issued as a supplement to meals for troops in extreme, demanding operational environments such as high-intensity training events.[49]

The Tailored Operational Training Meal (TOTM) first entered service in May 2001. It provides a lower calorie count (an boilerplate of 997 kilocalories) for less intensive training environments, such as classroom education. It replaces the before mess-hall bagged lunches, catered meals or field kitchens for field instruction. The TOTM allows troops to become familiar with the MRE and its contents without providing an excessive amount of calories to troops who will non necessarily burn them. It uses a transparent outer plastic purse with commercial markings rather than the MRE's tan plastic bag with standard markings. There are currently iii dissimilar lists of twelve menus, making a total of 36 different meals. Each TOTM ration case is packed with a full menu of 12 assorted meals, weighs about 20 lbs (9 kg) , and is 0.95 cubic anxiety (27 L). The TOTM has a more limited shelf-life than the MRE, with a duration of only 12 to 18 months.[50]

The Unitized Group Ration (UGR) is a ration much like the MRE, merely expanded to feed large groups. It comes packed in sealed metal trays that are heated and then opened.

The Food Package, Survival, Full general Purpose, Improved (FPSGPI) is given to pilots and other servicemembers that may require a small-scale, extremely portable food ration for emergencies. It contains nutrient bars and a drink mix.[51] Similarly, the Food Parcel, Survival, Carelessness Ship (FPSAS) and Food Packet, Survival, Aircraft, Life Raft (FPSALR) are fitted into the storage areas on lifeboats.[52] [53]

The "Jimmy Dean," a pre-packaged shelf-stable ration containing, amongst other items, a pre-made Jimmy Dean brand cafeteria-manner sandwich, is frequently issued in the field to U.S. servicemen as an culling to MREs.[54]

See too [edit]

  • Airline meal
  • Camping ground nutrient
  • Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center — prime developer of the MRE
  • Military chocolate (The states)
  • Individual Meal Pack – Canadian equivalent to the MRE
  • List of military food topics
  • Space food

References [edit]

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  2. ^ a b https://world wide web.ucl.air conditioning.u.k./rdr/teaching/acc-adventure-disaster-reduction/mres [ permanent dead link ]
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  48. ^ "Meal, Alternative Regionally Customized (MARC)". world wide web.dla.mil . Retrieved nineteen March 2019.
  49. ^ Joseph Zanchi and Alexandra Foran, U.S. Army NSRDEC (ten March 2014) MORE is ameliorate when it comes to food rations
    • GUIDON Staff (23 January 2020) FLW issues MOREs to trainees one,000 additional calories
  50. ^ "Tailored Operational Preparation Meal (TOTM)". Defense force Logistics Bureau . Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  51. ^ "Food Package, Survival, Full general Purpose, Improved factsheet by the Defence force Logistics Agency". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  52. ^ "Food Package, Survival, Abandon Ship factsheet by the Defence force Logistics Agency". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  53. ^ "Food Packet, Survival, Aircraft, Life Raft factsheet past the Defense Logistics Agency". Retrieved nineteen March 2019.
  54. ^ "U.S. Jimmy Dean - MREInfo.com". www.mreinfo.com . Retrieved 19 March 2019.

Further reading [edit]

  • Marx de Salcedo, Anastacia (2015). Combat-ready Kitchen: How the U.S. armed services shapes the way yous eat. New York: Current/Penguin. ISBN9781101601648.

External links [edit]

  • Operational Rations of the Department of Defense force, ninth Edition
  • How MREs Work
  • NPR All Things Considered, mentions the new MRE menu for 2004 (at 5 minutes 02 seconds)
  • War machine Packages Put Technology to the Test
  • MRE gustatory modality test: Airman staff goes tactical to spill the beans on meals, prepare to consume
  • Military buys special meals for Jewish, Muslim troops
  • MREInfo.com – Consummate source of data on MREs both in US and International
  • Ready To Eat! 30 Years of the MRE
  • The Eat of Battle - how the World's Armies get fed
  • How long do MRES terminal
  • Like shooting fish in a barrel MRE: Your Definitive Guide to Survival Foods, MREs, and Prepping

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal,_Ready-to-Eat

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